Direct Detection of Hydrocarbon Displacement in a Model Porous Soil with Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The direct detection of hydrocarbon fluid and the discrimination of water through carbon-13 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) would be a significant advance in many scientific fields including food, petrogeological, and environmental sciences. Carbon-13 MRI is a noninvasive analytical technique that has great potential for direct detection of hydrocarbons. However, the low natural abundance of carbon-13, low gyromagnetic ratio, and generically short transverse signal lifetimes in realistic porous media all conspire to hinder carbon-13 MRI. A multiple echo pure phase encode MRI technique introduced in this paper helps to overcome these limitations. As a pure phase encode technique, it is immune to artifacts arising from inhomogeneous B0 fields. It is also, by its nature, more quantitative than most MRI methods. Viscous hydrocarbon flow through a sand bed, a simple realistic porous medium, was used as our test system. Flow in this model system was driven by capillary suction. The detection limit, spatially resolved, was determined to be 26 mg.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".