Metamaterials face-off [Speaker's Corner]
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 1967, a Soviet physicist named Veselago published an article that explored the technical ramifi cations if a material with negative permittivity or permeability was discovered. However, it was nearly 30 years later that the British physicist Pendry first described how traditional materials could be periodically loaded with electrically small and closely spaced split-ring resonators or parallel wires to produce an aggregate material that he claimed exhibited either macroscopic negative permeability or permittivity. Soon after, David Smith et al. reported the results of a work that combined such periodic loading to produce material that was also claimed to exhibit both negative permeability and permittivity. About a year later, Caloz and Itoh, Eleftheriades et al., and Oliner independently described how these properties could be realized by periodically loading traditional trans mission media with electrically small and closely spaced series capacitance and shunt inductance. Since these seminal publications appeared, hundreds of papers and articles and several books have been written about this class of materials and their applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.043 | 0.027 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".