Dual-Band Volterra Series Digital Pre-Distortion for Envelope Tracking Power Amplifiers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This letter presents a new dual band Volterra-based model suitable for the linearization of envelope tracking (ET) power amplifiers (PAs) driven concurrently with two widely spaced modulated signals. The model has two modules: a dual-band baseband equivalent Volterra series to compensate for the dynamic nonlinear distortions associated with the PA (assuming a constant drain supply voltage) and a polynomial term added to mitigate the distortions introduced by a dynamic drain supply modulation. The proposed model was successfully applied to linearize a 10 W and a 45 W dual band ET PA concurrently driven with different arrangements of two signals modulated according to wideband code division multiple access and long-term evolution standards around 2.0 and 2.2 GHz, and 2.1 and 2.9 GHz. A measured error vector magnitude of 1.5% and an adjacent channel power ratio better than -47 dBc, demonstrated the excellent linearization capacity of the proposed dual-band ET Volterra digital pre-distortion scheme.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".