One- and Three-Dimensional Growth of Hydroxyapatite Nanowires during Sol–Gel–Hydrothermal Synthesis
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nanoscale hydroxyapatite (HA) is an optimal candidate biomaterial for bone tissue engineering because of its bioactive and osteoconductive properties. In this study, micro- and nanoscale HA particles with rod- and wirelike morphology were synthesized by a novel sol-gel-hydrothermal process. Sol-gel chemistry was used to produce a dry gel containing amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), which was used as a precursor material in a hydrothermal process. The sol-gel-hydrothermal products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine particle morphology, crystal structure, and the presence of chemical functional groups. A pure HA crystal was synthesized, which underwent both one- and three-dimensional growth, resulting in tunable microrod and nanorod, and wire morphologies. The effects of solution pH and reaction time on particle diameter and length were assessed. Particle diameter ranged from 25 to 800 nm and decreased with an increase in solution pH, whereas both particle length and diameter increased as the hydrothermal process was prolonged. Nanowire HA powders (10-50 wt %) were mixed with poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) to produce PCL/HA composites. Fracture surfaces of PCL/HA composites showed a well-dispersed and homogeneous distribution of HA nanowires within the PCL matrix. Mechanical testing revealed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the Young's and compressive moduli of PCL/HA composites compared to PCL alone, with 50 wt % HA producing a 3-fold increase in Young's modulus from 193 to 665 MPa and 2-fold increase in compressive modulus from 230 to 487 MPa. These HA nanowires can be used to reinforce polymer composites and are excellent biomaterials for tissue engineering of bone.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it