CD44 Expression in Tuberous Sclerosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
CD44, a cell adhesion molecule, mediates cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. In the central nervous system, CD44 is expressed in astrocytic processes, predominantly in white matter and subpial regions, suggesting its involvement in the maintenance of a stable central nervous system cytoarchitecture. In this study, we investigated immunohistochemically the expression of CD44 and glial fibrillary acidic protein in neurosurgically resected specimens of patients with or without tuberous sclerosis. In controls, CD44 immunoreactivity was noted in the processes of astrocytes close to blood vessels and subpial cortex. Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity was noted in both cell bodies and cytoplasmic processes of astrocytes in white matter. In tubers, CD44 antigen was also noted in the processes of astrocytes close to blood vessels and pial surface, and in abundance in the network of astrocyte processes. Moreover, CD44 antigen showed immunoreactive halos around balloon cells in tubers and around tumor cells in subependymal lesions. Glial fibrillary acidic protein antigen was noted in both cell bodies and cytoplasmic processes of some balloon cells in tubers, but not in tumor cells. In Western blot analyses, the CD44 immunoreactive band was more intense in tubers or subependymal giant-cell tumors than in control tissue. This increase in CD44 antigen seemed to correlate with the degree of astrogliosis. Immunoreactivity surrounding the cell surfaces of balloon or tumor cells suggests that the clustering of these cells may be due to the expression of CD44. Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactive band was detected in tubers, but not in subependymal giant cell tumors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".