Bibliographic record
Abstract
Absolute shifts of spectral-line bisectors (the third signature of granulation) are shown to follow the solar pattern, i.e., weaker lines are more blue-shifted than stronger lines, for a selection of stars on the cool side of the granulation boundary in the H–R diagram. These patterns scale to the solar case by multiplicative factors ranging from 0.53 to 2.10, which is a measure of the granulation velocity gradient through the stellar photosphere. The scale factors increase with effective temperature and are larger in giants than in dwarfs. A universal relation is constructed relating line depth to convective blueshift. The scale factors vary in concert with the first and second granulation signatures, macroturbulence, and asymmetry of spectral lines. Matching the stellar to the solar third signature also results in a determination of the apparent absolute radial velocity of the star with errors ranging from 80 to 300 m s−1, but potentially considerably smaller. The star γ Cyg, which shows reversed-C-shaped bisectors and lies on the hot side of the granulation boundary, also shows weak lines more blue-shifted than stronger lines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".