Coverage of the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine by US and Canadian Medical Schools
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Brief Objective. This study evaluates the degree to which medical school health insurance covers the costs of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine for medical students in the United States and in Canada. Methods. A telephone survey was conducted in November 2007 of every accredited medical school in the United States and in Canada. Results. Thirty-one percent of schools fully covered the vaccine, 18% partially covered it, and the majority, 51%, provided no coverage. In the United States, the Northeast had the highest level of full coverage (61%). In the adjusted model, regional differences were no longer significant. However, private schools (odds ratio [OR] = 4.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5-15.3)] and those that covered the hepatitis B vaccine (OR = 19.4; 95% CI = 5.5-68.6) remained more likely to cover the HPV vaccine. For medical schools that provided no HPV vaccine coverage, the average out-of-pocket cost for students was $434. Conclusions. This study shows that most medical students are not being offered health insurance coverage for the HPV vaccine, but that the vaccine was adopted relatively quickly into the armamentarium of medical student health centers. Coverage of the HPV vaccine among US and Canadian medical studentsYa representative 'catch up' populationY is low and should be examined from a policy perspective.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".