Air‐sea CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes and the continental shelf pump of carbon in the Chukchi Sea adjacent to the Arctic Ocean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Chukchi Sea, a shallow sea‐ice covered coastal sea adjacent to the Arctic Ocean, exhibits an intense bloom of phytoplankton each year due to the exposure of nutrient‐laden surface waters during the brief summertime retreat and melting of sea‐ice. The impact of phytoplankton production and other factors on the seasonal dynamics of carbon and air‐sea CO 2 fluxes were investigated during two survey cruises (5 May–15 June 2002, and 17 July–26 August 2002), as part of the Western Arctic Shelf‐Basins‐Interactions (SBI) project. In springtime, most of the Chukchi Sea was sea‐ice covered (>95%) and remnant winter water was present across the shelf. Surface layer seawater partial pressure of CO 2 ( p CO 2 ) ranged from ∼200–320 μ atm, indicative of undersaturation with respect to atmospheric p CO 2 , although sea‐ice cover kept rates of air‐to‐sea CO 2 flux generally low (<1 mmoles CO 2 m 2 d −1 ). By summertime, after sea‐ice retreat, seawater p CO 2 contents had decreased to very low values (<80–220 μ atm) in response to high rates of localized primary and net community production (NCP) and biological uptake of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). In the seasonally sea‐ice free regions of the Chukchi Sea shelf, rates of air‐to‐sea CO 2 fluxes, determined using the quadratic wind speed‐transfer velocity relationships of Wanninkhof (1992), were high, ranging from ∼30–90 mmoles CO 2 m −2 d −1 . In regions of the Chukchi Sea slope (and western Beaufort Sea shelf and Arctic Ocean basin) where sea‐ice cover remained high (>80%), air‐to‐sea CO 2 fluxes remained generally low (<2 mmoles CO 2 m −2 d −1 ). Seasonal (i.e., May to September) and annual net air‐to‐sea CO 2 fluxes from the Chukchi Sea shelf were estimated at ∼27 ± 7 Tg C yr −1 , and 38 ± 7 Tg C yr −1 , respectively. The Chukchi Sea represents the largest oceanic CO 2 sink in the marginal coastal seas adjacent to the Arctic Ocean. An active continental shelf pump of carbon, driven by the northward transport of nutrient‐rich water of Pacific Ocean origin, high rates of primary and net community production during the sea‐ice free period, and lateral export of organic carbon, maintains the Chukchi Sea shelf and slope as a perennial ocean CO 2 sink.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".