Geographic and Temporal Variations of Sugar and Margarine Consumption in Relation to Crohn’s Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Patients with Crohn's disease show an increased consumption of refined sugar compared to controls. It was speculated that the frequent occurrence of Crohn's disease in developed countries might be related to a high intake of refined sugar. In contrast, others suggested margarine consumption to play a role in the etiology of Crohn's disease, the hypothesis being based on the seemingly simultaneous onset of margarine consumption and the first reports of granulomatous ileitis and the similarities in their geographic distribution. Both hypotheses, however, have not been subjected to a rigorous epidemiologic analysis. In the present study, the per capita consumption of refined sugar and margarine were correlated with the incidence and mortality of Crohn's disease from different countries. The time trends of mortality from Crohn's disease were compared to those of sugar and margarine intake. Two weak correlations were found between the geographic distribution of sugar and margarine consumption and mortality from Crohn's disease, the correlations resulting from the difference between two types of countries. Compared to Canada, the United States and most countries from Northern Europe on one side, Japan and most Mediterranean countries on the other side were characterized by low consumption of the two nutrients as well as low mortality from Crohn's disease. No consistent pattern was found, however, within each group of countries. No significant correlation was found between sugar or margarine consumption and the incidence of Crohn's disease. The time trends of Crohn's disease in different countries were not matched by similar time trends of either sugar or margarine consumption. The different epidemiologic behavior of the two nutrients and Crohn's disease indicates that variations in their dietary intake were not responsible for the geographic and temporal patterns of Crohn's disease. Other factors must be sought to explain the characteristic epidemiology of Crohn's disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".