Sound transmission in a simple model of the ear canal and tympanic membrane
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The classic picture of middle ear (ME) transmission has the tympanic membrane (TM) as a piston and the ME space as a vacuum. However, the TM moves in a complex wavy pattern and modern theories link this behavior to the ME’s broadband transmission [e.g., Fay et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2006), Parent and Allen, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. (2007)]. Furthermore, Rabbitt [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. (1990)] predicted that the TM radiated considerable sound pressure into the ME space that could in return affect TM motion. This study explores these ideas with a simple model, using a tube terminated with a plastic membrane to model the EC and TM. We measured membrane motion via laser interferometry, and pressure (on both sides) via micro-sensors that allowed positioning very close to the membrane (10 micrometers) without disturbance. We made a finite element model of the system to complement the experimental results. The theoretical results show the interaction of acoustic and mechanical resonances, and both theoretical and experimental results show strong transmission of sound through the membrane at some of its resonant frequencies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".