An induced state with dominant shear vibration mode originating from domain reconfiguration in [001]-poled PMN-PT single crystals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Crystalline relaxor-PT piezoelectrics poled in [001] can sometimes exhibit a second thickness-mode resonance in the impedance spectrum at a frequency lower than the resonance associated with longitudinal vibrations. In this study we investigate this low vibration mode (LVM) in PMN-PT single crystal. We show that the mode is a shear wave mode arising due to a polarization component lying in the (001) plane. The presence of the mode and its strength in the impedance spectrum can be controlled either by thermal quenching from a temperature above the tetragonal-rhombohedral transition temperature or through the application of a bias voltage during slower cooling. By varying the rate of cooling or the applied bias during cooling the impedance spectrum peak corresponding to the LVM can be enhanced in which case the usual longitudinal resonance peak is suppressed or the LVM can be suppressed in which case the longitudinal resonance is enhanced. Samples in which the LVM is enhanced exhibit a macroscopic orthorhombic symmetry (mm2) with a polarization vector lying along the [110] direction as demonstrated by the transverse vibration modes observed in samples cut to different crystallographic orientations. Samples in which the LVM is enhanced exhibit the same phase structure but different domain structures than samples in which it is suppressed. The LVM is characterized by a domain structure with (110) domain walls. These walls appear in the high-temperature tetragonal phase and can be frozen into the room temperature state by rapid quenching. Based on the compatibility of possible polarization directions and domain wall orientations with polarization microscopy observation of our samples, possible arrangements of the domain structures in the rhombohedral and tetragonal phases are determined. It is shown that the [110] polarization component associated with the LVM originates from a domain structure with well-organized (110) domain walls.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".