Fetal cardiac calcifications: report of four prenatally diagnosed cases and review of the literature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fetal cardiac calcifications are defined as diffuse hyperechogenicities in the different layers of the heart. This is an uncommon fetal ultrasound finding associated with significant myocardial dysfunction. We report four cases with massive fetal myocardial calcifications detected on prenatal ultrasound at 18-22 weeks' gestation and associated, in all cases, with significant cardiac dysfunction. Detailed fetal echocardiographic evaluation, chromosome analysis, and an extensive search for intrauterine infection as a cause of these abnormalities, were carried out on all cases. A thorough autopsy was performed on all deceased fetuses and postnatal investigation of the sole survivor was performed. Two of our patients chose to interrupt their pregnancies, one fetus suffered intrauterine demise, and one child was born alive. In all of our cases the karyotypes were normal, and no specific infectious etiology or maternal autoantibody was noted. Histopathology findings in the non-survivors included myo- and epicardial calcification maximal at the base of the heart. The living child has findings suggestive of an intrauterine infection, although no infectious entity was identified. Long-term follow-up showed sensorineural hearing loss and severe developmental delay.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".