Acoustic localization of bowhead whales near a Beaufort Sea oil development, 2001–2003: Evidence of deflection at high-noise times?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Most bowhead whales migrating west along Alaska’s north coast during autumn pass 10–75 km seaward of BPs Northstar oil production island. Our objective was to determine the extent to which underwater sound from Northstar deflected the closest whales farther offshore. Whale calls were localized, via 11 DIFAR-based seafloor recorders, on 23–36 days per year while underwater sound was measured continuously 450 m from Northstar. Totals of 1121, 2057 and 14 304 calls were localized within a 20×26 km analysis area seaward of Northstar. Quantile regression was used to relate the 5th quantile distance-from-shore to underwater sound. A permutation method allowed for lack of independence of closely spaced calls. In 2001, the closest calling bowheads tended to be slightly farther offshore at times with high industrial sound, which were mainly due to vessels near Northstar. The displacement effect was maximal if sound was averaged over 50–80 minutes preceding calls. In 2002, high sound levels were rare and results were inconclusive. In 2003, offshore displacement was not significant despite high sample size and a migration corridor unusually close to shore. The upper 90% confidence bound on the percentage of bowheads displaced 2+ km did not exceed 1.6% in any year. [Work supported by BP.]
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".