Highly sensitive and selective optical fiber fluorescence sensor for lead ion detection in water using corrugated long period fiber grating
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Optical fiber fluorescence sensors are widely used for chemical sensing. Intrinsic fluorescence sensors such as evanescent-wave sensors can be used for surface sensing while extrinsic sensors are used for bulk sensing. In intrinsic/ extrinsic fluorescence sensors, typically the side-wall/end-face of a single/multi-mode fiber is used. In this paper we introduce a novel intrinsic optical fiber fluorescence sensor which uses the side-wall of a large-core multi-mode fiber to collect the fluorescence from the bulk of samples. The method is to use a corrugated long period fiber grating, fabricated by a CO2 laser, to couple radiating modes to the core modes. Using the side-wall of a fiber helps to fabricate a multitarget or a distributed sensor. We also report the sensing of lead ions with concentration as low as few ppb in water using a novel fluorescence turn-on polymer as a chemical probe.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".