Bibliographic record
Abstract
Editorials17 April 2007Hungering for HAARTJulio S.G. Montaner, MD and Robert S. Hogg, PhDJulio S.G. Montaner, MDFrom British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, University of British Columbia, and Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.Search for more papers by this author and Robert S. Hogg, PhDFrom British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, University of British Columbia, and Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-8-200704170-00013 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail “I was not born with a hunger to be free. I was born free—free in every way that I could know … It was only when I began to learn that my boyhood freedom was an illusion, when I discovered as a young man that my freedom had already been taken from me, that I began to hunger for it.”—Nelson Mandela (1)Of any country in the world, South Africa is experiencing one of the most severe HIV epidemics. According to Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimates, by the end of 2005, South Africa had 5.5 million people ...References1. Mandela N. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Boston: Little, Brown; 1994:623-4. Google Scholar2. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Annex 2: HIV/AIDS estimates and data, 2005. In: UNAIDS 2006 report on the global AIDS epidemic. Accessed at data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_ANN2_en.pdf on 6 March 2007. Google Scholar3. The South African Advertising Research Foundation. All Media Products Survey March 2004. Accessed at www.saarf.co.za/AMPS/technicalreport2004/Amps2002b%20data%20files/Technical/Tech%202004%20~%20Pages%204-5.PDF on 6 March 2007. Google Scholar4. South African Government Information. Implementation of the comprehensive plan on prevention treatment and care of HIV and AIDS: fact sheet. 23 November 2005. Accessed at www.info.gov.za/issues/hiv/implementation2006.htm on 6 March 2007. Google Scholar5. Pope H. AIDS set to engulf South Africa. The Independent. 8 March 2005. Google Scholar6. Montaner JS, Hogg R, Wood E, Kerr T, Tyndall M, Levy AR, et al. The case for expanding access to highly active antiretroviral therapy to curb the growth of the HIV epidemic. Lancet. 2006;368:531-6. [PMID: 16890841] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7. Fang CT, Hsu HM, Twu SJ, Chen MY, Chang YY, Hwang JS, et al. Decreased HIV transmission after a policy of providing free access to highly active antiretroviral therapy in Taiwan. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:879-85. [PMID: 15295691] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar8. Nachega JB, Hislop M, Dowdy DW, Chaisson RE, Regensberg L, Maartens G. Adherence to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based HIV therapy and virologic outcomes. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:564-73. LinkGoogle Scholar9. Choo PW, Rand CS, Inui TS, Lee ML, Cain E, Cordeiro-Breault M, et al. Validation of patient reports, automated pharmacy records, and pill counts with electronic monitoring of adherence to antihypertensive therapy. Med Care. 1999;37:846-57. [PMID: 10493464] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar10. Grossberg R, Zhang Y, Gross R. A time-to-prescription-refill measure of antiretroviral adherence predicted changes in viral load in HIV. J Clin Epidemiol. 2004;57:1107-10. [PMID: 15528063] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11. Gross R, Yip B, Re VL, Wood E, Alexander CS, Harrigan PR, et al. A simple, dynamic measure of antiretroviral therapy adherence predicts failure to maintain HIV-1 suppression. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:1108-14. [PMID: 16991085] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12. Harrigan PR, Hogg RS, Dong WW, Yip B, Wynhoven B, Woodward J, et al. Predictors of HIV drug-resistance mutations in a large antiretroviral-naive cohort initiating triple antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2005;191:339-47. [PMID: 15633092] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar13. Hogg RS, Bangsberg DR, Lima VD, Alexander C, Bonner S, Yip B, et al. Emergence of drug resistance is associated with an increased risk of death among patients first starting HAART. PLoS Med. 2006;3:356. [PMID: 16984218] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar14. Hogg RS, Heath K, Bangsberg D, Yip B, Press N, O'Shaughnessy MV, et al. Intermittent use of triple-combination therapy is predictive of mortality at baseline and after 1 year of follow-up. AIDS. 2002;16:1051-8. [PMID: 11953472] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar15. Nachega JB, Hislop M, Dowdy DW, Lo M, Omer SB, Regensberg L, et al. Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy assessed by pharmacy claims predicts survival in HIV-infected South African adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43:78-84. [PMID: 16878045] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar16. Wood E, Hogg RS, Yip B, Moore D, Harrigan PR, Montaner JS. Impact of baseline viral load and adherence on survival of HIV-infected adults with baseline CD4 cell counts > or = 200 cells/microl. AIDS. 2006;20:1117-23. [PMID: 16691062] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar17. Steiner JF, Prochazka AV. The assessment of refill compliance using pharmacy records: methods, validity, and applications. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50:105-16. [PMID: 9048695] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar18. Low-Beer S, Yip B, O'Shaughnessy MV, Hogg RS, Montaner JS. Adherence to triple therapy and viral load response [Letter]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000;23:360-1. [PMID: 10836763] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar19. Nkosi Johnson's enduring legacy. SouthAfrica.info. 1 December 2005. Accessed at www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/health/aids/nkosi-johnson-011205.htm on 27 February 2007. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, University of British Columbia, and Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.Disclosures: Consultancies: J.S.G. Montaner (Abbott, Argos Theraputics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Hoffmann-La Roche, Janssen-Ortho, Merck-Frosst, Pfizer Inc., Schering, TheraTechnologies, Tibotec, Trimeris), R.S. Hogg (Canadian Institutes of Health Research, National Institutes of Health, Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline), R.S. Hogg (Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline); Honoraria: J.S.G. Montaner (Abbott, Argos Theraputics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Hoffmann-La Roche, Janssen-Ortho, Merck-Frosst, Pfizer Inc., Schering, Thera Technologies, Tibotec, Trimeris), R.S. Hogg (Canadian Institutes of Health Research, National Institutes of Health, Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline), R.S. Hogg (Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline); Grants received: J.S.G. Montaner (Abbott, Argos Theraputics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Hoffmann-La Roche, Janssen-Ortho, Merck-Frosst, Pfizer Inc., Schering, TheraTechnologies, Tibotec, Trimeris), R.S. Hogg (Canadian Institutes of Health Research, National Institutes of Health, Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline).Corresponding Author: Julio S.G. Montaner, MD, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Room 667, Vancouver, British Columbia V6Z 1Y6, Canada; e-mail, [email protected]ubc.ca.Current Author Addresses: Dr. Montaner: University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Room 667, Vancouver, British Columbia V6Z 1Y6, Canada.Dr. Hogg: Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoAdherence to Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor–Based HIV Therapy and Virologic Outcomes Jean B. Nachega , Michael Hislop , David W. Dowdy , Richard E. Chaisson , Leon Regensberg , and Gary Maartens Metrics Cited byReconsidering the impact of conflict on HIV infection among women in the era of antiretroviral treatment scale-up in sub-Saharan Africa: a gender lensFever After a Stay in the Tropics: Clinical Spectrum and Outcome in HIV-Infected Travelers and Migrants 17 April 2007Volume 146, Issue 8Page: 609-610KeywordsHIVHIV-1Highly active antiretroviral therapyProtease inhibitor therapyProteasesReverse transcriptase inhibitorsTherapeutic drug monitoringTreatment guidelinesViral load ePublished: 17 April 2007 Issue Published: 17 April 2007 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2007 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.077 | 0.027 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".