Inflation targets and the yield curve: New Zealand and Australia versus the US
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study considers whether the slope of the yield curve for New Zealand contains useful economic information. In order to provide some perspective, the present study also contrasts the New Zealand experience with evidence based on US and Australian data. The principal findings of this study are as follows: (1) At short horizons, typically 2 years or less, the term structure for New Zealand behaves as in the expectations hypothesis of the term structure. (2) Nevertheless, there are departures from the expectations hypothesis, especially in the period when inflation objectives in New Zealand were on a declining path. Moreover, the policies of the US had a critically important impact around 1993–1994. (3) Some evidence was found of an effect from the spread to future inflation but only when the headline CPI is used to measure inflation; the links disappear entirely once CPI ex-credit costs are employed. The study argues that such results are consistent with a credible inflation targeting regime, so that the term structure serves possibly to signal changes in real interest rates rather than inflation in New Zealand. (4) There is good evidence that the spread helps predict future output in New Zealand, although the effect seems to dissipate after 1 year. Once we distinguish between periods of positive versus negative growth rates in real gross domestic product (GDP), the spread influences output up to 2 years into the future. Also, when output growth is measured asymmetrically, rising inflation expectations depress output growth. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".