Bend Angle Effect on B2 and C2 Stress Indices for Piping Elbows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
B 2 and C2 stress indices are used for calculation of stress terms corresponding to moment loading in evaluation of nuclear piping components. The formulas given in the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code for calculating these indices for elbows and curved pipes are independent of the bend angle. The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of the bend angle on the values of B2 and C2. For this purpose, elbows with sizes ranging from 2.5 to 20 in. have been studied. The values of B2 and C2 have been calculated by detailed analysis using finite element models. Each elbow size has been analyzed for various bend angles (e.g., 15, 30,…90 deg and above). The results of this study show that the values of B2 and C2 based on the ASME Code formulas are conservative and more so if the bend angle is less than 90 deg. The values of B2 and C2 decrease as the bend angle is decreased. The reduction in the values is very significant for smaller bend angles. Simple relations have been established to express the dependence of B2 and C2 on the bend angle. Based on these results, a modified form of ASME Code formulas is proposed to account for the bend angle effect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".