Simultaneous measurement of erythrocyte aggregarion and oxygen saturation under in vitro pulsatile blood flow by high-frequency photoacoustics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, high-frequency photoacoustic (PA) imaging is proposed to simultaneously measure erythrocyte aggregation (EA) and oxygen saturation (SO2). EA is a reversible phenomenon where red blood cells aggregate under flowing conditions and it becomes pathological when enhanced in a number of circulatory disorders. Here we investigate the feasibility of PA imaging in detecting EA-induced changes in SO2in a simulated circulatory flow system. For all optical wavelengths of illumination (750 and 850 nm), the mean PA amplitude inside the region of interest cyclically varied at intervals corresponding to the beat rate (30, 60, and 90 bpm). The vessel diameter also cyclically varied at the same time interval, but the phase of its variation was reversed compared to the PA amplitude variations. This was expected: as the blood velocity decreased, the shear rate in the radial direction also decreased, resulting in increased EA thus enhancing the PA amplitude due to the increased effective absorber size. When the velocity is increased, the aforementioned process is reversed, resulting in decreased EA and PA amplitude. The cyclic variation in SO2was evident for the highest beat rate, and differences in the mean PA amplitude at 750 and 850 nm were detected for all beat rates. This indicates that the SO2was varying while blood was flowing with the different beat rates. The temporal variation in SO2can be correlated to EA, since it has been reported that oxygen release is inhibited by EA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".