Rates at Which Toxaphene Concentrations Decrease in Lake Trout from the Great Lakes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Toxaphene is a complex mixture of at least 600 hexa- to decachlorinated bornanes and bornenes, which was used as an insecticide in the United States from the late 1950s to the mid-1980s. A previous study in our laboratory showed that the levels of toxaphene in lake trout collected in 1982 and 1992 from Lake Superior had remained about the same but that the concentrations in lake trout from the other Great Lakes had decreased during this same time period. These observations in Lake Superior trout were counter-intuitive given that toxaphene had been banned in 1982. We have reinvestigated this issue using more samples from both Lake Superior and northern Lake Michigan and using an improved analytical method. The level of toxaphene was constant in all of the trout samples from Lake Superior during the period 1977−1992, while the level decreased by a factor of 1.4−5 in trout from the other Great Lakes. These results suggest that the toxaphene concentrations in very large and very cold lakes (such as Lake Superior) decrease much more slowly than they do in relatively small and warm lakes (such as Lake Ontario).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".