Controlled Synthesis and Water Dispersibility of Hexagonal Phase NaGdF<sub>4</sub>:Ho<sup>3+</sup>/Yb<sup>3+</sup> Nanoparticles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The luminescence properties of hexagonal sodium gadolinium fluoride nanoparticles co-doped with Ho 3+ and Yb 3+ (NaGdF 4:Ho 3+ /Yb 3+ ), prepared using a thermal decomposition synthesis route, were evaluated following 980 nm excitation. The synthesized nanoparticles were easily dispersed in nonpolar solvents, showed an extremely narrow particle distribution, and were determined to have a mean diameter of 15.6 ± 1.2 nm. The predominantly green upconversion emission was observed to increase with increasing Ho 3+ concentration due to an enhanced energy transfer (ET) from the neighboring Yb 3+ ions. Post-synthesis, the nanoparticles were dispersed in water via modification of the capping oleic acid (OA) ligand. Upconversion emission intensity was observed to decrease upon dispersion in aqueous media likely due to an increase in nonradiative decay pathways. A total ligand exchange with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) resulted in slightly more intense upconversion emission relative to oxidation of the OA to azelaic acid.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".