An electrochemical microfluidic paper-based glucose sensor integrating zinc oxide nanowires
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reports, for the first time, an electrochemical microfluidic paper-based analytical device (EμPAD), featuring a highly-sensitive working electrode (WE) decorated with zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NWs), for glucose detection in human serum. Besides common features of μPADs such as low cost, high portability/disposability, and ease of operation, the reported EμPAD has three additional advantages. (i) It provides higher sensitivity and lower limit of detection (LOD) than previously reported μPADs, owing to the high electron-transfer efficiency and high surface-to-volume ratio of the ZnO NWs. (ii) It does not need light-sensitive electron mediator (usually required in enzymatic glucose sensing), leading to enhanced biosensing stability. (iii) The ZnO NWs are directly synthesized on the paper substrate via low-temperature hydrothermal growth, representing a simple, low-cost, highly-consistent, and mass-producible process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".