Periconceptional Undernutrition in Sheep Accelerates Maturation of the Fetal Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Late Gestation
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated the effects of moderate maternal periconceptional undernutrition from 60 d before to 30 d after mating on fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in late gestation. Ewes were sampled regularly during the period of undernutrition for circulating hormone levels. Vascular catheters were inserted into ewes and their singleton fetuses at 112 d gestation (term, 145 d), and fetal ACTH(1-24) and metyrapone challenge tests were performed at 127 and 128 d. Postmortems were performed at 132 d. Fetuses of undernourished ewes (UN, n = 12) had elevated baseline cortisol concentrations (P < 0.05), compared with fetuses of ad libitum-fed ewes (n = 10). There were no differences between groups in fetal responses to ACTH challenge, but only UN fetuses demonstrated ACTH and 11-deoxycortisol responses to metyrapone (P < 0.05). UN fetuses had increased mRNA levels for proopiomelanocortin and prohormone convertase-1, but not -2, in the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland (P < 0.05). Glucocorticoid receptor mRNA levels were not different between groups in pituitary or hypothalamus. Maternal cortisol and ACTH levels during undernutrition were profoundly suppressed (P < 0.001), rather than elevated, in UN ewes. Furthermore, the normal pregnancy rise in maternal serum progesterone concentrations was delayed in undernourished mothers. These data demonstrate that events around the time of conception have profound effects on fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal development in late gestation and that factors other than fetal exposure to excess glucocorticoids may be important.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it