TWO WIDE PLANETARY-MASS COMPANIONS TO SOLAR-TYPE STARS IN UPPER SCORPIUS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
At wide separations, planetary-mass and brown dwarf companions to solar-type stars occupy a curious region of \nparameter space not obviously linked to binary star formation or solar system scale planet formation. These \ncompanions provide insight into the extreme case of companion formation (either binary or planetary), and \ndue to their relative ease of observation when compared to close companions, they offer a useful template \nfor our expectations of more typical planets. We present the results from an adaptive optics imaging survey \nfor wide (~50–500 AU) companions to solar-type stars in Upper Scorpius. We report one new discovery of a \n~14 M_J companion around GSC 06214−00210and confirm that the candidate planetary-mass companion 1RXS \nJ160929.1−210524 detected by Lafrenière et al. is in fact comoving with its primary star. In our survey, these \ntwo detections correspond to ~4% of solar-type stars having companions in the 6–20 M_J mass and ~200–500 AU \nseparation range. This figure is higher than would be expected if brown dwarfs and planetary-mass companions \nwere drawn from an extrapolation of the binary mass function. Finally, we discuss implications for the formation \nof these objects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".