Bibliographic record
Abstract
A study of land subsidence due to groundwater pumping in the city of Hanoi, Vietnam, was conducted by collecting and analyzing data on the geology, hydrology, soil properties, and observed settlements. The city of Hanoi is underlain by sediments consisting of organic and inorganic clays, silt, peat, sand, and gravel. The pumping of groundwater causes consolidation of compressible aquitard layers. The water demand for the city of Hanoi is increasing with time. The present total rate of water pumping is 450 000 m3/day, and there is a proposal to increase the rate to 751 000 m3/day by the year 2010. This research program involved the modelling of seepage related to pumping along with a stress-deformation analysis. The effect of surface infiltration was also modelled. The settlements computed for parts of the city of Hanoi were compared with measurements of settlement in the city area. The simulation results appear to be in fairly good agreement with the measurement results. The study showed that subsidence due to groundwater pumping is a serious problem in the city of Hanoi. It is important to continue to measure settlements and compute possible deformations associated with actual rates of pumping.Key words: subsidence, settlement, groundwater pumping, stress-deformation modelling, seepage modelling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".