The elusive access to education for Muslim women in Kenya from the late nineteenth century to the “Winds of Change” in Africa (1890s to 1960s)
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article discusses the denial of access to education to Ismaili Muslim women in colonial Kenya during the 1890s and the 1960s. The Ismailis were part of the “Asians” in Africa, a working class, religious, Muslim immigrant group from India, circumscribed by poverty and a traditional culture, the orthodox elements of which, with regard to their women, did not resonate with the spirit of the Islamic faith. Most of their women came from an Indian Muslim culture in which their experiences ranged from a required submissive role for women that embodied a narrow interpretation of their faith, to political strife and racial segregation in Africa, to family destitution. Hence, these women’s lives were fraught with difficulties of dependency, subservience, and harsh struggles for basic subsistence needs. Historically, the women’s cause for equity has been a bitter struggle globally; the Ismaili women’s gendering experience was no exception in the late nineteenth century, which was detrimental to their development. This article chronicles the Ismaili women’s arduous journey through decades of political and socio‐cultural barriers that prevented them from accessing quality secular education, until their eventual participation through the consistent efforts and guidance of their Imams, the Aga Khans.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it