Biodegradation of Distal Shunt Catheters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In a review of pediatric and adult distal cerebrospinal fluid shunt failures, the distal catheters were found to have deteriorated to the point of malfunction in 7 individuals after intervals of over 7 years. All cases presented in the first two decades of life with a duration of symptoms ranging from 1 to 62 days. The mechanism of shunt failure was assessed by radionuclide shuntogram study and at surgery. Degradation of catheter material led to irregular attenuation and fracture of the catheter wall with diffuse leakage of radionuclide into surrounding tissues. The catheter length of most chronic duration following implant was inevitably affected. Radionuclide shuntogram study of the distal catheter clearly identified the nature of the problem by showing an irregular outline of the catheter lumen due to spread of radioactivity into the surrounding soft tissues. Occasionally, intense foci of activity were identified at single or multiple sites where the catheter wall was grossly attenuated or fractured, resulting in cessation of catheter flow further distally. The biodegradability of distal shunt catheters leading to malfunction must be considered when assessing a young individual with features of hydrocephalus and a chronically implanted catheter length. Radionuclide shuntogram study is a convenient means of assessing the problem.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".