Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Brief This review systematically examines the literature on the ability of the classical epidural test dose and other strategies to detect intravascular, intrathecal, or subdural epidural needle/catheter misplacement. For detection of simulated intravascular misplacements, a sensitivity (S) and a positive predictive value (PPV) ≥80 demonstrated by at least two randomized controlled trials coming from two different centers were determined for the following tests and patient populations: Nonpregnant adult patients = increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥15 mm Hg (S = 80–100 and 93–100; PPV = 80–100 and 83–100) or either an increase in SBP ≥15 mm Hg or an increase in heart rate ≥10 bpm after the injection of 10 (S = 100; PPV = 83–100) or 15 μg of epinephrine (S = 100; PPV = 83–100); pregnant patients = sedation, drowsiness, or dizziness within 5 min after the injection of 100 μg of fentanyl (S = 92–100; PPV = 91–95); and children = increase in SBP ≥15 mm Hg after the injection of 0.5 μg/kg of epinephrine (S = 81–100; PPV = 100). Conversely, more studies are required to determine the best strategies to detect intrathecal and subdural epidural needle/catheter misplacements in these three patient populations. IMPLICATIONS: The epinephrine test dose for intravascular epidural needle/catheter misplacement can only be recommended for nonpregnant adult patients and children. More studies are required to determine the best strategies to detect intrathecal and subdural needle/catheter misplacement for adult nonpregnant patients, pregnant women, and children.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".