Movement sequencing in children with Tourette's syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Little research has been conducted to examine sequential motor functioning of children with Tourette's syndrome (TS) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Movement sequencing performance for a group of 12 children with TS and 24 children with ADHD children (12 taking and 12 not taking stimulant medication) and matched control subjects was examined using a serial choice reaction time button-pressing procedure. Aspects of movement preparation and execution were measured for 10 sequential two-way choice points along a response board that extinguished the illuminated target buttons at certain specific times contingent on the previous button press or release. The level of advance information was systematically reduced to provide three levels of reduction of advance information, including no reduction, moderate reduction, and high reduction. Children with TS and ADHD (unmedicated) showed larger increases in down time, reflecting aspects of movement preparation, for the highest level of reduction of advance information than did their respective control groups. These deficits are suggestive of underlying frontostriatal dysfunction. Furthermore, the normalization of performance for children with ADHD taking stimulant medication assists in the confirmation of the validity of such a clinical diagnosis and seems to add to the clinical efficacy of this form of treatment, which has previously been associated with improvements for predominantly attentional and inhibitory symptoms of ADHD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".