Comparing Winter and Summer Simulated Estuarine Circulations in Foxe Basin, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Foxe Basin is an Arctic inland sea located at the north of the Hudson Bay system (Canada). The characteristics of its estuarine circulation in winter differ from those in summer, mainly because of the sea-ice formation and cover. Using Lagrangian tracers and flux calculations from simulated data through a section at the outlet of the basin, we have shown that one-third of all the ice produced in winter is eventually exported toward the Labrador Sea. Foxe Basin is also a place where, in winter, latent heat polynyas to the west coexist with sensible heat polynyas around southwestern Foxe Peninsula, the latter resulting from an upwelling of intermediate water approximately 0.6°C above the freezing point of seawater. Sea ice affects circulation in the basin by adding friction at the surface layer and by shielding the sea surface from the atmosphere, which leads to an average reduction of 11% in the surface currents. Sea ice also extracts approximately 1.3 × 1014 kg of fresh water from the sea surface. Divided by Foxe Basin's surface area (0.2 × 1012 m2) and by the freshwater density, this mass represents a mean layer of 0.65 m of fresh water. The salt transport anomaly versus depth at the outlet of the basin and the mean vertical buoyancy flux were also examined; this confirmed previous assumptions that the estuarine circulation forms a positive (summer)–negative (winter) couple. We suggest that the sensitivity of this couple to climate change may be used as a proxy to evaluate the impact of global warming in Foxe Basin. RÉSUMÉ [Traduit par la rédaction] Le bassin de Foxe est une mer intérieure arctique située au nord du système de la baie d'Hudson (Canada). Les caractéristiques de sa circulation estuarienne en hiver diffèrent de celles de l'été, principalement à cause de la formation et de la couverture de glace de mer. Au moyen de traceurs lagrangiens et de calculs de flux basés sur des données simulées à travers une section à la sortie du bassin, nous avons montré que le tiers de toute la glace produite en hiver est éventuellement exporté vers la mer du Labrador. Le bassin de Foxe est aussi un endroit où, en hiver, des polynies de chaleur latente à l'ouest coexistent avec des polynies de chaleur sensible autour du sud-ouest de la péninsule de Foxe, ces dernières étant produites par des remontées d'eau intermédiaire dont la température est approximativement 0,6 °C au-dessus du point de congélation de l'eau de mer. La glace de mer influe sur la circulation dans le bassin en ajoutant du frottement dans la couche de surface et en faisant écran entre la surface de la mer et l'atmosphère, ce qui provoque une réduction de 11% dans les courants de surface. La glace de mer extrait aussi environ 1,3 × 1014 kg d'eau douce de la surface de la mer. Divisée par la superficie du bassin de Foxe (0,2 × 1012 m2) et par la masse volumique de l'eau douce, cette masse représente une couche moyenne de 0,65 m d'eau douce. Nous avons aussi examiné l'anomalie de transport de sel en fonction de la profondeur à la sortie du bassin et le flux vertical moyen de flottabilité; cela a confirmé des hypothèses précédentes selon lesquelles la circulation estuarienne forme un couple positif (été) – négatif (hiver). Nous croyons que la sensibilité de ce couple au changement climatique peut servir d'indicateur pour évaluer l'impact du réchauffement planétaire dans le bassin de Foxe.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".