Comparative Study on the Decolorization of Orange II by Zero-valence Tin in Citric and Hydrochloric Acids
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Zero-valence tin reductively degraded a persistent azo dye, Orange II to produce colorless aromatic amines. The effects of acid concentrations and initial Orange II concentrations on the decolorization of Orange II by tin in citric and hydrochloric acids were investigated. The decolorization reaction in citric acid was faster than that in hydrochloric acid at 2.5 and 5 mM acid concentrations. The faster reaction would be related to the characteristic dissolution reaction of tin in citric acid. The first-order kinetic was applicable in citric acid over the examined range of 0.1 - 0.4 mM initial Orange II. However, at more than 0.2 mM initial Orange II the first-order kinetic was not applicable in hydrochloric acid and thus the relaxation first-order reaction kinetic was applied. The result that zero-valence-tin/citric acid system demonstrated successful decolorization in repeated use supports the possibility of its application for azo dye wastewater.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it