Increased systemic vascular resistance in Atlantic salmon, <i>Salmo salar</i> L., affected with amoebic gill disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous investigations into the pathophysiology of amoebic gill disease (AGD) have suggested that there are probable cardiovascular effects associated with this disease. In the present study Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were experimentally infected by cohabitation with diseased individuals. Two commonly used vasodilators, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and captopril, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, were used as tools to investigate possible vasoconstriction and/or renin-angiotensin system (RAS) dysfunction in AGD-affected animals. Within the SNP trial, results showed that AGD-affected fish exhibited lowered cardiac output (Q), lowered cardiac stroke volume (V(S)) and a significantly elevated systemic vascular resistance (R(S)) compared with non-affected naïve counterparts. These effects were totally abolished following SNP administration (40 microg kg(-1)), however significant cardiovascular effects associated with SNP were not observed. Within the captopril trial, where AGD-affected fish were more diseased compared with the SNP trial, a significant hypertension was observed in AGD-affected fish. Captopril administration (10(-4) mol L(-1) at 1 mL kg(-1)) resulted in a significant drop in dorsal aortic pressure (P(DA)) for both AGD-affected and naïve control fish. In terms of peak individual responses, captopril administration effectively lowered P(DA) in both AGD-affected and naïve control groups equally. The drop in P(DA) following SNP administration however was significantly greater in AGD-affected fish potentially suggesting disease-related vasoconstriction. The lack of significant cardiovascular effects directly associated with both SNP and captopril administrations possibly relate to the 6 h recovery period following surgical procedures. However, while variable, these results do suggest that there are significant cardiovascular effects including vasoconstriction and hypertension associated with AGD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".