Characterization of Calcified Plaques Retrieved From Occluded Arteries and Comparison With Potential Artificial Analogues
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. This disease includes chronic total occlusion (CTO), which is a complete blockage of an artery. Unlike partial occlusions, CTOs are difficult to cross percutaneously using conventional guidewires (thin and flexible wires) because of the fibrotic and calcified nature of the blockage. The lack of data regarding the mechanical properties of CTO limits the development of new technologies in the field of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and percutaneous peripheral intervention (PPI). In this study, calcified plaques retrieved from occluded arteries are analyzed in order to better understand their mechanical properties and to help propose an artificial analogue. Calcified plaques samples were collected from the superficial femoral artery wall within one hour following a lower limb amputation surgery. These samples were studied to determine their composition and mechanical properties. The same characterization procedures were performed on various potential artificial analogues. These analogues include three plaster materials and dense hydroxyapatite blocks. The results were then compared with those of the calcified plaques in order to determine the more favorable analogue. This mechanical analysis and the proposal of a potential analogue for the calcified plaques found in occluded arteries could benefit the development of new technologies and devices in the field PCI and PPI.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".