Levels of 5α-Reductase Type 1 and Type 2 are Increased in Localized High Grade Compared to Low Grade Prostate Cancer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: In the prostate testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone by 5alpha-reductase type 1 and/or 2. Although 5alpha-reductase type 2 is predominant in normal prostates, type 1 is increased in cancer vs benign tissue. It is unclear whether 5alpha-reductase type 1/2 levels correlate with cancer grade. We compared the relative expression of 5alpha-reductase type 1 and 2 in localized high and low grade prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunostaining for 5alpha-reductase type 1/2 was evaluated in 64 prostate tissues from untreated men with localized prostate cancer. The percent of tumor area with moderate-high intensity staining was estimated for each Gleason pattern in the tissues. Adjacent benign tissue was evaluated in 26 prostate cancer specimens. RESULTS: Moderate-high staining for 5alpha-reductase type 1 increased from 18.8% +/- 2.9% (mean +/- SEM) in 34 Gleason pattern 3 cancers to 31.0% +/- 4.1% in 30 Gleason pattern 4/5 cancers (p = 0.016). Staining for 5alpha-reductase type 2 increased from 22.9% +/- 3.0% in 34 Gleason pattern 3 cancers to 39.2% +/- 4.1% in 30 Gleason pattern 4/5 cancers (p = 0.002). Compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues staining for 5alpha-reductase type 1 was greater than 3-fold higher and staining for 5alpha-reductase type 2 was significantly lower in benign tissue adjacent to cancer (p = 0.006 and 0.0236, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Levels of 5alpha-reductase type 1 and 2 are increased in localized high vs low grade prostate cancer. Levels of 5alpha-reductase type 1 are higher in benign tissue adjacent to cancer than in benign prostatic hyperplasia. These results raise the possibility that increased 5alpha-reductase type 1 in localized high grade cancers may contribute to the decreased effectiveness of the 5alpha-reductase type 2 selective inhibitor finasteride against high grade prostate cancer in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".