Expression of Novel ING Variants Is Regulated by Thyroid Hormone in the Xenopus laevis Tadpole
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The candidate tumor suppressor gene, ING1, encodes several protein isoforms as a result of alternative splicing that may possess agonistic and antagonistic roles in the control of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Recently a related gene, ING2, was isolated in human whose expression is increased in adenocarcinomas. Little is known about the cellular function and regulation of these ING family members, but the fact that ING proteins contain a plant homeodomain finger suggests that these proteins may modulate transcription factor-mediated pathways. To elucidate how ING may interact in different tissues to modulate function, we used amphibian metamorphosis as a model system in which a single stimulus, thyroid hormone (TH), initiates tissue-specific proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. We have isolated the first Xenopus laevis ING2 and demonstrate that transcript levels increase in response to TH treatment. We provide evidence for the existence of splice variants that are differentially expressed in tissues with different TH-induced fates. Western blots using an antibody directed against the highly conserved C-terminal end of ING proteins reveal a tissue-specific pattern of ING isoform expression in adult Xenopus tissues. Analyses of premetamorphic tadpole tissues show a TH-induced accumulation of ING proteins in tail, whereas the levels in the leg are not affected. This TH-induced accumulation is also observed in serum-free tail organ cultures and is prevented by inhibitors of tail apoptosis. Therefore, this work presents the first link between ING expression and a hormonally regulated nuclear transcription factor-mediated apoptotic response opening the possibility that ING family members may be involved in transducing the signal initiated by TH that determines cell fate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".