Electrokinetic Study of Hexane Droplets in Surfactant Solutions and Process Water of Bitumen Extraction Systems
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of surfactant and inorganic salts on the electrokinetics of bitumen and model oil (hexane) in aqueous solution was studied. The zeta potentials of the hexane droplets became less negative without changing the isoelectric point (iep) for increasing inorganic electrolyte concentration. The addition of dodecylamine hydrochloride (DAH) caused a drastic change in the zeta potentials, with a progressive shift of the iep toward a higher pH with increasing DAH concentration. With the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the zeta potential of the hexane droplets became more negative without a measurable iep. Virtually no change in the zeta potentials of the hexane droplets was observed when palmitic acid was added. Only when a combination of DAH, SDS, NaPa, and inorganic electrolyte was added together could the measured electrokinetic behavior of hexane droplets in the resultant aqueous solution simulate that of hexane droplets in the process water from an industrial bitumen extraction process or bitumen droplets in simple electrolyte solutions. This finding revealed the presence of these three types of surfactants in bitumen and their release into the processing water or migration to and accumulation at bitumen/water interfaces.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it