Electrokinetic Study of Hexane Droplets in Surfactant Solutions and Process Water of Bitumen Extraction Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of surfactant and inorganic salts on the electrokinetics of bitumen and model oil (hexane) in aqueous solution was studied. The zeta potentials of the hexane droplets became less negative without changing the isoelectric point (iep) for increasing inorganic electrolyte concentration. The addition of dodecylamine hydrochloride (DAH) caused a drastic change in the zeta potentials, with a progressive shift of the iep toward a higher pH with increasing DAH concentration. With the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the zeta potential of the hexane droplets became more negative without a measurable iep. Virtually no change in the zeta potentials of the hexane droplets was observed when palmitic acid was added. Only when a combination of DAH, SDS, NaPa, and inorganic electrolyte was added together could the measured electrokinetic behavior of hexane droplets in the resultant aqueous solution simulate that of hexane droplets in the process water from an industrial bitumen extraction process or bitumen droplets in simple electrolyte solutions. This finding revealed the presence of these three types of surfactants in bitumen and their release into the processing water or migration to and accumulation at bitumen/water interfaces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".