Advances in structural and chemical analysis of catalystcoated membranes for hydrogen fuel cell applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Catalyst-coated membranes are a key element of advanced membrane electrode assembly designs for automotive, hydrogen-based fuel cell systems. The morphology of the catalyst layers of these membranes should provide a structure that is optimised for maximum catalyst utilisation; water management at a wide range of operational temperatures and relative humidity; fuel (hydrogen) and oxidant (oxygen in air) mass-transfer; and optimum electronic conductivity. Because of the multi-component nature of the layers (catalyst, ionomer and catalyst support) and resulting hierarchy in the layered structure at different spatial scales, new tools for their characterisation are required. Such a development should lead to an improved understanding of the links between fuel cell performance and structure of the catalyst layers under various operating conditions. This feature article presents soft X-ray spectromicroscopy as a tool for such studies and shows how it can probe the structural and chemical properties of the membrane and the catalyst layers of membrane electrode assemblies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".