A frequency multiplication based LO phase shifting technique for phased-array architectures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A frequency multiplication based LO phase shifting technique is presented for use in phased-array front end architectures operating in the ISM band at 24 GHz. The presented architecture employs a two-stage phase shifter, a high-speed comparator and a Q-enhanced tuned amplifier to synthesize 18 GHz tones from a 2GHz reference. The synthesized tones are used to injection lock 18 GHz LC-oscillators in close proximity to the RF/mm-w front-ends in a phased-array system. A digital means for phase shift calibration is discussed. Implemented in IBM's 120 nm CMOS technology, the proposed architecture consumes 14.2 mW from a 1.2 V supply. The oscillator core consumes 3.7 mW. The maximum phase shift errors at 18GHz is 5° and 0.79° before and after calibration, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".