Interactions of Gravity Waves Generated by a Moving Source With the Shelf: Laboratory Experiment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rapidly moving storm crossing the shelf from shallow water to deep water can generate tsunami-like waves which can cause local flooding and damage to docks when the waves hit the coast. We report on laboratory experiments to examine the reflection of waves generated by a moving disturbance from the shelf. Experiments are performed in a two-layer fluid consisting of a layer of oil based ferrofluid lying on top of a layer of water with step bottom. The disturbance is generated by a permanent magnet moving above the surface of ferrofluid. Digital images of the flow are analyzed to obtain the evolution of the wave field. The experimental flows demonstrate two distinct regimes, namely subcritical when the speed of the magnet is less than the phase speed of the wave, and supercritical when the speed of the magnet is greater than the phase speed of the wave. In subcritical regime the disturbance is localized and its size is determined by the spatial extent of the forcing. In supercritical regime the waves form two beams extending at “Mach angle” with respect to the direction of motion. Oblique wave incident on the shelf can experience total reflection if the angle between the wave front and the shelf is greater than a critical value.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".