Bibliographic record
Abstract
Breakup of liquid jets issuing from converging (cone-up type) nozzles in a quiescent atmosphere is reviewed in the present paper. This review reveals that, in fact, very little is known about the influence of various factors on the disintegration of the jet. General disregard of nozzle geometry and internal flow in the classic literature are the main reasons for the presence of confusion, and the lack of a coherent body of information on the subject. Characteristics of jet breakup depend on a variety of factors such as turbulence, velocity profiles, nozzle geometry, and the physical states of the liquid and gas. Disintegration mechanisms are characterized by dominance of one or more of the aforementioned factors. While the general process of jet breakup, turbulence, and ambient effects are fairly well comprehended, the effects (and the interplay) of various other parameters are poorly understood. In particular, the recent literature suggests that nozzle geometry, internal flow, and cavitation play a profound role in the breakup.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".