Cellular cholesterol substrate pools for adenosine-triphosphate cassette transporter A1-dependent high-density lipoprotein formation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The removal of cellular cholesterol and phospholipids to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), facilitated by the membrane transporter ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), is the rate-limiting step in the formation of high density lipoprotein particles. This review summarizes recent literature concerning the relative contributions of different cellular pools of cholesterol used by ABCA1 in the initial lipidation of apoA-I for high density lipoprotein particle formation. RECENT FINDINGS: Cell culture studies have shown that apart from lipidating apoA-I directly, ABCA1 can also mediate cholesterol delivery indirectly to apoA-I in the plasma membrane. Moreover, it is now clear that the late endosome/lysosome pool of cholesterol is a critical part of the total cholesterol substrate pool for ABCA1. Internalization of ABCA1 appears to be a requirement for maximum ABCA1-mediated cholesterol mobilization for high density lipoprotein formation. SUMMARY: Current evidence suggests that ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux to apoA-I involves mobilization of cholesterol from plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, trans-Golgi network, late endocytic and lysosomal compartments, and cholesteryl ester droplets. Apart from lipidating apoA-I directly, ABCA1 has also been found to efflux cholesterol indirectly to apoA-I in plasma membranes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".