PARALYTIC SHELLFISH TOXINS IN TROPICAL OCEANS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The tropics possess some of the world's richest marine environments, most notably coral reefs. Concealed within these ecosystems are a group of potent neurotoxins called the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), the most famous of which is saxitoxin. Thirty years ago, PSTs were recognized as a major danger to seafood consumers in the tropics. The tropical dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense biosynthesizes PSTs and its contamination of seafood has caused more illnesses and deaths than any other PST-producing microalga. Apart from this and other dinoflagellates, PSTs have been confirmed in tropical benthic algae, molluscs, echinoderms, crustacea, and other arthropods. Some of these organisms are unique in that, to date, they have only been found to be toxic in tropical oceans. For example, species of grazing and predatory gastropods, crabs, and more recently cephalopods have been discovered to contain PSTs in a number of intertidal tropical locations. These animals are thought to accumulate the toxins from benthic sources rather than toxic dinoflagellates as happens with filter-feeding bivalve molluscs such as clams and oysters. Here we evaluate the current understanding of PST transmission through tropical food webs. Finally, we consider the prevalence of PST intoxications in tropical regions and their social and economic costs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".