ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION RELATED TO DDT AND DDE IN NON-OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED MEN FROM CHIAPAS, MEXICO
Bibliographic record
Abstract
DDT was used in Mexico in agriculture and, until more recently, in malaria control programs. Even though its use has been completely banned, exposure to this pesticide and its effects are still present in men from Chiapas, Mexico due to the long half-life of DDT and its metabolites in the environment and in the body. The objective of this study was to determine if the antiandrogenic and estrogenic properties of DDT and its metabolites were capable of altering men's hormones. In the year 2000, men were recruited from rural communities, 116 came from where DDT had been continually sprayed for malaria control and 28 came from where DDT was exceptionally used because of a hurricane in 1997. DDT and its metabolites were measured by gas cromatography and, hormones were measured by RIA. Corrected means of p,p'-DDE and DDT were: in the more exposed men 45 and 15 mg/kg lipid, respectively, and in the less exposed men 6.4 and 0.5 mg/kg lipid, respectively. Free testosterone significantly increased with higher p,p'-DDE levels, both in the more exposed men (p < 0.001) and in the less exposed men (p = 0.04). In the latter group, LH and total testosterone levels also increased significantly with increasing p,p'-DDE levels (p < 0.05), and FSH increased, but not significantly (p = 0.07). Although estradiol associations with p,p'-DDE in both groups were not significant, they had a negative direction. All relations remained even after controlling for other variables, such as age and body mass index. It seems that male hormes are altered by DDT and its metabolites at the levels seen in this study. The fact that the associations are stronger and clearer in the less exposed men may be expalined by a saturation effect. It will be necessary to study these associations more thoroughly by increasing the sample size and exposure range.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".