Les congrégations religieuses. De la France au Québec, 1880–1914 (review)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For a period of thirty-four years, from 1880 to 1914, a republican government was in power in France. One of its primary concerns was to ensure on the one hand that the lay and republican values proclaimed by the French Revolution [End Page 714] were securely established in French society, and on the other hand that the Catholic Church's influence be limited to the ecclesiastical and religious spheres understood in a narrow sense. This meant that the extensive influence of the French clergy, religious congregations in particular, needed to be curtailed, especially in public education. In order to achieve these objectives, beginning in 1880 the government of France legislated a series of measures that restricted the rights of religious congregations to teach in public schools, imposed three years of military service on all young men, and ultimately (1904) forbade any member of a religious congregation to teach in a French public school; then, in 1905, diplomatic relations between France and the Vatican were severed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".