Exacerbation of acute viral myocarditis by tobacco smoke is associated with increased viral load and cardiac apoptosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Exposure to tobacco smoke is known to have deleterious cardiovascular effects. In this study, we tested whether exposure to tobacco smoke exacerbates the severity of viral myocarditis in mice. Viral myocarditis was generated in 4-week-old male BALB/c mice by injection of Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). Four groups were studied: (1) control (C, no smoke and no virus); (2) smoke only (S, exposure to cigarette smoke for 90 min/day for 15 days); (3) virus only (V); and (4) exposure to smoke for 5 days before plus 10 days following virus injection (S+V). We found that viral inoculation preceded by smoke exposure increased mortality more than twofold compared with virus inoculation alone. In addition, the mRNA level of atrial natriuretic factor was significantly higher in S+V than among any of the other 3 groups. Virus injection significantly decreased cardiac function compared with controls, with further deterioration observed in the S+V group. We also observed a significantly increased rate of apoptosis, with an increased activation of apoptosis-inducing factor in hearts exposed to S+V compared with those exposed to V alone. Our results suggest that preexposure to smoke significantly exacerbates the severity of viral myocarditis, likely through increased viral load and increased cardiomyocyte cell death.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".