Speaking in Tongues, Dancing with Ghosts: Redescription, Translation, and the Language of Resurrection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This essay provides a constructive critique and extension of Jonathan Z. Smith’s writings on Paul and 1 Corinthians. Beginning with a demonstration of the problems with applying Smith’s locative/utopian dichotomy to Paul and the Corinthians, I argue that this theoretical scheme renders the Corinthians’ acceptance of Paul’s message incomprehensible. Smith’s later scheme of ‘‘here, there, and anywhere’’ provides a more useful heuristic. Following an analysis of the social and religious setting of 1 Corinthians, I explore the analogous case of the 1870 Ghost Dance as it developed among the Paiute of Western Nevada. After briefly discussing the implications of this analogy for our understanding of the Corinthian Christ group (and early Christianities generally), I conclude that both the Corinthians and the Paiute are displaced religions of ‘‘here’’ that have experimented with features characteristic of the religions of ‘‘anywhere.’’ This cross-cultural description provides our models of Paul and the Corinthians with a sounder anthropological footing than they might previously have had.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.037 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".