Infrasound propagation and coupling between air, soil, and water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Propagation of low-frequency sound is enhanced by very low absorption in air, water, and soil. Some examples of absorption expected in air, water, and soil are presented. Reduction in sound level between source and receiver is typically the result of spreading. In all media of interest, layering can give rise to trapped waves that decay as cylindrical waves as opposed to spherical waves. Examples of the effect of layering on propagation in the atmosphere will be given for day/night conditions. At very low frequency, scattering by rough terrain, moderate size turbulence, and waves have a reduced effect on signal amplitude and phase. Turbulence carried by the wind can result in pressure variations at the receiver that can sound like acoustic signals. An effective receiving system must deal with that wind noise. Identifying the mechanism for communications at low frequency is complicated by the exchange of acoustic energy between air, soil, and water. Some characteristics of this coupling and losses that might be encountered along different paths will be discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".