Investigation of Top-Down In-Situ Combustion Process in Complex Fractured Carbonate Models: Effects of Fractures’ Geometrical Properties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The top down In-Situ Combustion (ISC), involves the stable propagation of combustion front from top vertical injector to the bottom horizontal producer. Besides laboratory studies in conventional sandstones, no application of the process in fractured carbonates has been addressed yet. In this paper a successful combustion tube experiment and history match of Iranian low permeable fractured heavy oil reservoir called Kuh-E-Mond, is presented and accompanied with details of experimental and simulation model. Validated model has been modified further to investigate the feasibility of Top-down ISC in fractured reservoirs mimicking block scale combustion cells. Effects of fractures geometrical properties such as orientation, location, extension, density, spacing, disconnection and dispersion have been considered. Investigation of aforementioned geometrical properties performed for the case of presence of networked fractures (presence of both vertical and horizontal fractures). Results confirmed higher outcome in the case of optimum vertical or horizontal fractures density and spacing. Laterally located vertical fractures enhanced the process in terms of ultimate oil recovery and sweep efficiency. Longer vertical fractures and higher degree of fractures dispersion through the reservoir improved the recoveries compared to the case of extended horizontal fractures and higher degree of horizontal fractures dispersion through reservoir. Depending on the reservoir parameters (such as fracture and matrix permeability) there is an optimum length of vertical fracture in which it enhances the recovery. This means very long extension of vertical fractures could cause early oxygen breakthrough and as a result lower sweep efficiency and oil recoveries. Simulation analysis revealed that Top-down In-Situ Combustion has higher feasibility for the reservoirs with highly networked fractures such as those occurring in the Persian Gulf coast.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".