Quantitative modeling of reflected ultrasonic bounded beams and a new estimate of the Schoch shift
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The wavefields of bounded acoustic beams and pulses reflected from water-loaded plates are fully modeled with the phase advance technique. The wavefield produced at the source is propagated at any incidence angle using phase shift modeling that incorporates the full analytic solution for the acoustic reflectivity at the interface. This approach provides for the ready visualization of both the stationary monofrequency beam wavefield and animation of the temporally bounded pulse. The model images are reminiscent of the classic Schlieren photographs that first illustrated the nonspecular behavior of the reflected beams incident near critical angles. Various phenomena such as the lateral displacement and the null zone at the Rayleigh critical angle are recreated. A new approximation for this shift agrees well with that of the peak energy of the reflected beam. Similar effects are observed during the reflection of a bounded pulse. Although more computationally costly than existing analytic approximations, the phase advance technique can facilitate the interpretation of reflectivity measurements obtained in laboratory experiments. In particular, the full visualization allows for a better understanding of the behavior of reflected waves at any angle of incidence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".