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Record W2018272149 · doi:10.4212/cjhp.v67i3.1356

Stability of Epinephrine at Standard Concentrations

2014· article· en· W2018272149 on OpenAlexaffvenue
Roxane Carr, Diane Décarie, Mary H. H. Ensom

Bibliographic record

VenueThe Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy · 2014
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldHealth Professions
TopicPatient Safety and Medication Errors
Canadian institutionsChildren's & Women's Health Centre of British ColumbiaUniversity of British Columbia
Fundersnot available
KeywordsEpinephrineChromatographyExpiration dateAnesthesiaChemistryPrecipitationMedicineAnimal scienceFood science

Abstract

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Background: To minimize medication errors, standard concentrations are recommended for medications intended for continuous infusion in pediatric patients. Premixing of epinephrine (commonly used to manage septic shock in children) would improve timeliness, safety, and costeffectiveness. However, information about the stability of epinephrine at standard concentrations is limited.Objectives: To evaluate the stability of epinephrine in 5% dextrose in water at standard concentrations and to extend its expiration date after storage in infusion bags at 4°C and 25°C for up to 30 days.Methods: A total of 6 infusion bags were prepared with 200 mL of epinephrine solution, 2 bags for each of 3 standard concentrations (25, 50, and 100 μg/mL). Three bags (one for each concentration) were stored under refrigeration (4°C), and the remaining 3 bags were stored at room temperature (25°C). Physical characteristics (including pH, colour, and presence of precipitate) were evaluated daily for the first 14 days and every 1 to 5 days thereafter until day 30. Three 1.5-mL samples were collected from each bag immediately after preparation (time 0), every 24 h (at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, etc.) for the first 14 days, and every 1 to 5 days thereafter until day 30. Each sample was analyzed by stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography. A solution was considered stable if it maintained at least 90% of its initial concentration.Results: No notable changes in pH, colour, or precipitation were observed in any of the solutions after storage at 4°C or 25°C for up to 30 days. All formulations maintained more than 95% of the initial epinephrine concentration on day 30. In addition, the calculated lower limit of the 95% confidence interval indicated that 93% or more of the initial concentration remained on day 30.Conclusions: Preparations of epinephrine were stable for up to 30 days, with or without refrigeration. Because stability alone does not guarantee bioavailability or efficacy of a drug, future clinical studies are recommended to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these formulations.RÉSUMÉContexte : Afin de réduire au maximum les erreurs de médication, il est recommandé d’utiliser des concentrations standards pour les médicaments administrés par perfusion continue aux enfants. La préparation préalable des solutions d’épinéphrine (couramment utilisée pour traiter le choc septique chez l’enfant) permettrait d’améliorer la rapidité d’action, la sécurité et le rapport coût-efficacité. Il existe malheureusement peu de données portant sur la stabilité de solutions d’épinéphrine de concentrations standards.Objectifs : Évaluer la stabilité de l’épinéphrine de concentrations standards dans du dextrose à 5 % dans l’eau et augmenter la durée de conservation des solutions entreposées dans des sacs pour perfusion à 4 °C et à 25 °C jusqu’à 30 jours.Méthodes : Six sacs pour perfusion contenant 200 mL d’une solution d’épinéphrine ont été préparés, soit une paire de chacune des trois concentrations standards (25, 50 et 100 μg/mL). Trois sacs ont été conservés au réfrigérateur (4 °C) et les trois autres ont été entreposés à la température ambiante (25 °C). Les propriétés physiques (notamment le pH, la couleur et la présence de précipité) ont été évaluées quotidiennement les 14 premiers jours, puis à des intervalles de 1 à 5 jours jusqu’au jour 30. Trois échantillons de 1,5 mL ont été recueillis de chaque sac immédiatement après la préparation de la solution (temps 0), puis toutes les 24 heures (24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, etc.) pendant les 14 premiers jours et ensuite à des intervalles de 1 à 5 jours jusqu’à la fin de la période de 30 jours. Chaque échantillon a été analysé à l’aide d’une épreuve mesurant la stabilité par chromatographie liquide haute performance. Une solution était considérée comme stable si elle conservait au moins 90 % de sa concentration initiale.Résultats : Aucun précipité et aucun changement notable du pH ou de la couleur n’ont été observés dans l’ensemble des solutions après un entreposage à 4 °C ou à 25 °C d’une période de 30 jours. Toutes les préparations avaient conservé plus de 95 % des concentrations initiales d’épinéphrine au jour 30. De plus, la limite inférieure de l’intervalle de confiance à 95 % indiquait que les préparations avaient conservé 93 % ou plus de leurs concentrations initiales au jour 30.Conclusions : Les préparations d’épinéphrine sont demeurées stables pendant les 30 jours, qu’elles aient été réfrigérées ou non. Comme la stabilité seule ne garantit pas la biodisponibilité ou l’efficacité d’un médicament, d’autres études cliniques sont recommandées afin d’évaluer le comportement pharmacocinétique et pharmacodynamique de ces préparations.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.002
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.002
Threshold uncertainty score0.006

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.002
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0010.001
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0020.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.058
GPT teacher head0.383
Teacher spread0.325 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designBench or experimental
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations12
Published2014
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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