Effects of Shock Waves on the Particle Acceleration for Cold Gas Dynamic Spray
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The particle velocity in cold gas dynamic spraying (CGDS) is one of the most important factors that can determine the properties of the bonding to the substrate. In this paper, the acceleration process of micro-scale and sub micro-scale copper (Cu) and platinum (Pt) particles inside and outside De-Laval-Type nozzle is investigated. A numerical simulation is performed for the gas-particle two phase flow with particle diameter ranging from 100nm to 50μm, which are accelerated by carrier gas Nitrogen in a supersonic De-Laval-type nozzle. The carrier gas velocity and pressure distributions in the nozzle and outside the nozzle are illustrated. The center-line velocity for two types of particles, Pt and Cu, are demonstrated. It is observed that the existence of the bow shocks near the substrate prevents the smaller size particles (less than 0.5 μm) from penetrating, thus leads to poor coating in the actual practices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".